RPS 1009 - New insights in percutaneous tumour ablation

Author Block: O. Öcal¹, S. Lentini¹, O. Dietrich¹, P. Bour², T. Faller², J. Ricke¹, M. Seidensticker¹; ¹Munich/DE, ²Pessac/FR
Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the correlation of thermal dose volume with the ablation zone in postprocedural first-day images. Microwave ablation is an established treatment alternative to surgical resection with similar efficacy and better tolerability in patients with primary or secondary liver tumours with limited disease burden. Nevertheless, it is associated with around 10% local disease recurrence, possibly due to incomplete tumour ablation. MRI guidance offers better lesion targeting with higher soft-tissue contrast during the procedure, as well as the possibility of real-time thermometry. However, no in-vivo comparison of real-time thermometry with the ablation zone in follow-up images has been reported.
Methods or Background: All procedures were performed in general anesthesia on a 1.5T MRI scanner. The real-time thermometry sequence was acquired using gradient-echo EPI sequences, and thermal dose (CEM43 of 240 minutes as a threshold) maps were created using dedicated software (Certis Solution, Certis Therapeutics, Pessac, France). Thermal dose volumes were compared with the ablation zone in postprocedural first-day images using Pearson correlation test.
Results or Findings: 24 patients with 27 lesions were included in this study. The volume of thermal dose and ablation zone showed a strong correlation (R=0.89, p<0.001).
Conclusion: The real-time thermal dose mapping shows a very good correlation with the ablation zone volume obtained one day after the procedure. Real-time visualisation of inadequate ablation margins could reduce the local recurrence rates with the possibility of reablating lesions within the same procedure.
Limitations: - Retrospective nature of the study
- Relatively small sample size
Funding for this study: No funding was received for this study.
Has your study been approved by an ethics committee? Yes
Ethics committee - additional information: This study was approved by the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.

Author Block: H. Sun; Shanghai/CN
Purpose: The objective of this study was to compare the thermal ablation combined with synchronous TACE and TACE in patients with liver metastasis of NETs of different pathologic grades and primary sites.
Methods or Background: A retrospective study was performed on patients with liver metastases of NETs in the interventional therapy Department of Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University from November 1, 2006 to July 31, 2022, who were divided into synchronous ablation group and TACE group and subgroups according to pathological grades and primary sites. The patients were followed up until July 31, 2023. The endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).
Results or Findings: A total of 86 patients were collected, including 34 patients in simultaneous ablation group and 52 patients in TACE group, 45 patients with G2 stage, 51 patients of pNETs. The median PFS was 18.0 months in the TACE group (95% CI, 6.0-30.0 months) and 29.0 months in the synchronous ablation group (95% CI, 10.0-48.0 months), with no statistical difference (P=0.22). In the 45 patients with G2 stage, the median OS and PFS are 47.0 and 12.0 months in the TACE group and 59.0 and 32.0 months in the synchronous ablation group (P=0.45 0.032),with the difference of PFS was statistically significant. Of the 51 pNETs patients, the median OS and PFS are 47.0 and 18.0 months in the TACE group and 59.0 and 34.0 months in the synchronous ablation group (P=0.22 0.005),with the difference of PFS was statistically significant.
Conclusion: Simultaneous ablation can delay disease progression of liver metastasis of neuroendocrine tumours, and has a good safety, especially for patients with liver metastases of neuroendocrine tumours of intermediate or low grade or pancreatic origin.
Limitations: Due to the small sample size and confounding factors, some differences are not reflected.
Funding for this study: Funding was received from the National Health Commission Capacity Building And Continuing Education Center (GWJJ2022100303), and Fudan University Integrated Medical Engineering Program (yg2022-6).
Has your study been approved by an ethics committee? Yes
Ethics committee - additional information: This study was approved by Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University.

Author Block: H. Long¹, X. Zhou¹, X. Zhang¹, J. Ye², T. Huang¹, L. Cong³, G. Huang¹, X. Xie¹; ¹Guangzhou/CN, ²Foshan/CN, ³Shenzhen/CN
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare the 3D and 2D contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)-derived techniques in evaluating the ablative margin (AM) after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Methods or Background: In total, 98 patients with 98 HCCs were enrolled. The 2D CEUS point-to-point imaging (2DCEUS-PI) and the 3D CEUS fusion imaging (3DCEUS-FI) were compared to distinguish an adequate AM ≥ 5 mm. Risk factors for local tumour progression (LTP) after RFA were analysed by the Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test.
Results or Findings: The mean registration time of 3DCEUS-FI and 2DCEUS-PI was 5.0 and 9.3 min, respectively (p < 0.0001). The kappa coefficient was 0.680 for agreement between 2DCEUS-PI and 3DCEUS-FI in the evaluation of AM (p < 0.0001). Tumours with AM < 5 mm by 2D CEUS-PI were all identified as AM < 5 mm by 3D CEUS-FI. Nonetheless, 16 (26%) tumours identified as AM ≥ 5 mm by 2DCEUS-PI were re-classified as AM < 5 mm by 3DCEUS-FI. During a median follow-up time of 31.2 months (range, 3.2-66.0 months), LTP was identified in 8 tumours. The estimated 1-/2-/3-year cumulative incidence of LTP was 4.4%, 8.1%, and 10.3%, respectively. Higher estimated cumulative incidence of LTP was identified in tumours with AM < 5 mm by 2DCEUS-PI (at 3-year, 27.2% vs 0%; p < 0.001), and by 3DCEUS-FI (at 3-year, 20.7% vs 0%; p = 0.004).
Conclusion: 3DCEUS-FI excelled in the evaluation of AM when compared with 2DCEUS-PI. With equivalent efficacy in the prediction of LTP, 3DCEUS-FI was superior to 2DCEUS-PI for its automatic and time-saving procedure.
Limitations: Further studies of these techniques in guiding intraoperative management for HCC are warranted to validate their value in achieving adequate AM and lowering the LTP rate.
Funding for this study: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 92059201, No. 81530055, and No
815014937.
Has your study been approved by an ethics committee? Yes
Ethics committee - additional information: This prospective study was approved by the institutional review board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and
informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Author Block: S. Hwang, J. M. Lee; Seoul/KR
Purpose: This study prospectively assesses the local tumor progression (LTP) and intrahepatic remote recurrence (IRR) rates of gradual, stepwise, high power RFA in treating HCCs (≤4 cm).
Methods or Background: Patients with single HCCs (≤4 cm) scheduled for treatment with gradual, stepwise, high energy RFA, utilising a separable clustered electrode and a two-channel generator, ranging from 60 W to 200 W for each generator, between January 2020 and July 2022, were prospectively enrolled. The ablation procedure targeted the index tumor, guided by real-time US-CT/MR fusion imaging, and alternately delivered monopolar energy to twp of the three clustered electrodes. Primary, secondary, and tertiary endpoints encompassed the 3-year LTP rate, IRR rate, and recurrence free survival (RFS) rate, respectively. Technical success, complications, and cumulative incidences of LTP and IRR, along with RFS, were assessed and estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method.
Results or Findings: Among 110 participants (83 men and 27 women, mean age: 66.4±7.6 years), 116 HCCs (mean size: 1.65±0.59 cm) were treated with no major complications. LTP and IRR were observed in four and 29 patients, respectively. At a median follow-up of 41.0 months (range: 35.4-46.6 months), the estimated 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year cumulative incidences were as follows: LTP (0.9%, 3.6%, 7.0%) and IRR (13.9%, 20.5%, 31.4%). The corresponding recurrence-free survival rates were: LTP (99.1%, 96.4%, 93.0%) and IRR (86.1%, 79.5%, 68.6%).
Conclusion: Gradual increment of dual switching monopolar RF applicators may help improve LTP and IRR compared to conventional methods.
Limitations: The study was conducted in a single centre with a single-arm, which might introduce some degree of bias in the results. Multi-center studies with a larger sample size and control groups are essential for further validating the results and making more generalised conclusions.
Funding for this study: This study received technical support and was supported by a research grant from STARmed Co.
Has your study been approved by an ethics committee? Yes
Ethics committee - additional information: This study was conducted ethically in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hopsital. All enrolled participants provided written informed consent.

Author Block: E. Xu, J. Lin, H. Liu, S. Liang, R. Yan; Shenzhen/CN
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of microwave ablation (MWA) for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) with ultrasound fusion imaging assistance, and conduct stratified analysis based on tumour size and location.
Methods or Background: Patients with CRLM who underwent MWA with the assistance of ultrasound fusion imaging from February 2020 to February 2023 in our hospital were enrolled into this retrospective study. Ultrasound fusion imaging was used for detection, guidance, monitoring and immediate evaluation throughout the MWA procedures. The technical success, technical effectiveness, local tumour progression (LTP), intrahepatic progression and overall survival (OS) were recorded and analysed. The subgroup analysis of efficacy of MWA for CRLM was performed according to tumour size and location.
Results or Findings: A total of 51 patients with 122 nodules were enrolled. Both technical success and effectiveness were acquired in all nodules (122/122, 100%). In a median follow-up period of 19 months (range, 5-39 months), LTP was observed in 2.5% of the nodules (3/122). The cumulative intrahepatic progression rates were 38.7% and 52.1% at 1 year and 2 years, respectively. The cumulative OS rates were 90.8% and 77.5% at 1 year and 2 years, respectively. Patients were divided into subgroups according to tumour size (≥30 mm, n=13; <30 mm, n=38) and tumour location (perivascular, n=20; non-perivascular, n=31 and subcapsular, n=36; non-subcapsular, n=15). The cumulative intrahepatic progression rates were similar between the subgroups regarding tumour size and perivascular location, while significantly higher in the subcapsular group than in the non-subcapsular group (p=0.021).
Conclusion: Ultrasound fusion imaging assisted-MWA exhibited satisfactory local efficacy for CRLM, especially for non-subcapsular tumors.
Limitations: First, it was a retrospective single-arm study performed in a single centre. Second, this study merely focused on short-term local tumors and intrahepatic effectiveness.
Funding for this study: Funding was received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82272011) and Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 2022A1515012155).
Has your study been approved by an ethics committee? Yes
Ethics committee - additional information: This study was approved by the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University.

Author Block: T. J. Vogl¹, J. Trebicka², E. Oppermann¹, L. Ysermann¹, W. Gu¹, A. Pascher², B. Strücker², W. Bechstein¹, M. Juratli²; ¹Frankfurt a. Main/DE, ²Münster/DE
Purpose: The study aimed to characterise extracellular vesicles (EV) by liquid biopsy in preinterventional patients with primary and secondary hepatic malignancies treated with microwave ablation.
Methods or Background: Blood samples of 38 HCC patients and 15 patients with hepatic metastases were collected immediately pre- and post-interventional. Subsequently, the characterisation of 37 surface epitopes of EVs by magnetic bead-based particle sorting and fluorescence-associated cell scanning (FACS) was conducted.
Results or Findings: The HCC-group before intervention revealed an activation of T-cell-associated EV protein expressions with significantly increased CD40, CD86 and CD8, vs. the non-HCC group. Additionally, the pre- and post-interventional HCC group showed an increment of the B-cell associated marker CD20 vs. the non-HCC group, respectively. The tumour cell associated surface epitopes, CD44, CD133 and CD24 were significantly higher expressed in the pre-interventional HCC vs. non-HCC group (p=0.029, p=0.009, p=0.004). Regarding the clinical parameters, the HCC-group showed a significantly higher expression of CD9 in patients with recurrent HCC, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related HCC and cirrhotic HCC. Furthermore, the subgroup analysis of HCC-patients showed a significantly lower expression of CD44 in NASH-related HCC and cirrhotic HCC. Pre-interventional cytokine levels of TH1 and Treg cells (IL2+IL17) correlated strongly with elevated CD44 levels in HCC patients.
Additionally, pre-interventional IL6 levels correlated strongly with a high expression of CD19 and CD86. Regarding the post-interventional changes increased CD19, CD20 and CD44 levels correlated strongly with an elevated CD4/CD8 ratio and negatively correlated with CD4/CD8 ratio changes.
Conclusion: EV surface expressions correlated with cytokine levels in pre-interventional HCC-patients showed a CD4+ TH1 response, associated with CD44 expression.
Limitations: Small number of participants.
Funding for this study: No funding was received for this study.
Has your study been approved by an ethics committee? Yes
Ethics committee - additional information: This study was approved by the ethic committee of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe university, Frankfurt (19-443, 10.09.2020).

Author Block: T. J. Vogl, R. Cojocaru, H. Adwan; Frankfurt a. Main/DE
Purpose: The aim of th e study was to retrospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy of microwave ablation (MWA) and transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) in the treatment of unresectable pancreatic cancer (UPC) regarding local tumour progression and complication rates.
Methods or Background: From 2010 to 2022, a total of 150 patients with UPC underwent either combined TACE and MWA treatment (n=67, 40 males/27 females) or TACE as monotherapy (n=83, 40 males/43 females). In the first group, 23/67 (34.3%) patients had metastatic pancreatic cancer and 44/67 (65.7%) locally advanced pancreatic cancer. In total, 222 TACEs and 71 MWAs were performed (average: 3.3 TACEs/patient prior to MWA. 4 patients received 2 MWAs, 63 patients 1 MWA). 18/67 (26.9%) patients were treated with curative intent, 49/67 (73.1%) with palliative or symptomatic intent. In the second group, 45/83 (54.2%) patients had metastatic pancreatic cancer and 38/83 (45.8%) patients locally advanced pancreatic cancer. In total, 250 TACEs were performed (average three TACEs/patient). 3/83 (3.6%) patients were treated with curative intent, 80/83 (96.4%) with palliative/symptomatic intent.
Results or Findings: No major complications occurred during the procedure. In 4/67 (6%) patients, mild hemorrhage was observed after MWA without further consequences. In the first group, a follow-up was available for 47/67 patients two to six months post MWA with PET-CT (n=1), abdominal CT (n=8) and abdominal MRI (n=38). Local tumour progression was observed in 5/47 patients (10.6%). In the second group, 1-month MRI follow-up was available for all 83 patients. Local tumour progression was observed in 9/83 (10.8%) patients.
Conclusion: TACE and MWA are both safe methods in the local treatment of unresectable pancreatic cancer. Combined TACE and MWA could be a promising treatment option for patients with UPC.
Limitations: Retrospective study design.
Funding for this study: No funding was received for this study.
Has your study been approved by an ethics committee? Yes
Ethics committee - additional information: This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt.

Author Block: H. Huang, W. Li; Shanghai/CN
Purpose: The aim of this study was to construct deep learning radiomics nomogram to assess the instant response in lung metastases of colorectal cancer (CRC) after radiofrequency ablation (RFA).
Methods or Background: We retrospectively included 515 lung metastases in 233 CRC patients who received RFA (412 in the training group and 103 in the test group). Multivariable analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for developing the clinical model. Tumor and ablation regions of interest (ROI) were split into three spatial habitats through K-means clustering and dilated with 5 mm and 10 mm thicknesses. Deep learning (DL) features and radiomics features including intratumour, peritumour, and habitat were extracted from intraoperative CT data. Predictive models using common machine learning classifiers were constructed, and a nomogram was developed by combining DL and radiomics signature with clinical factors. The performance was primarily evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) via the DeLong test, calibration curves through the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, and decision curve analysis.
Results or Findings: A total of 412 out of 515 metastases (80%) achieved complete response. Four clinical variables (cancer antigen 19-9, simultaneous systemic treatment, site of lung metastases, and electrode type) were utilised to construct the clinical model. The Habitat signature combined with the Peri-5 signature achieved the best radiomics signature, with AUC values of 0.994 and 0.870 in the training cohort and test cohort, respectively. The nomogram performed well on both data cohorts (0.997 and 0.909, respectively) and outperformed the clinical model and DL signature.
Conclusion: The proposed CT-based DL radiomics nomogram can offer precise predictions and valuable assistance to physicians in developing personalised treatment strategies.
Limitations: It was a single-centre retrospective study with a limited sample size.
Funding for this study: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82272095).
Has your study been approved by an ethics committee? Yes
Ethics committee - additional information: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (Approval Number: 1612167-18).

Author Block: L. V. Sciacqua, A. M. Ierardi, S. Carriero, C. Lanza, G. V. D. Amato, G. Carrafiello; Milan/IT
Purpose: The objective of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of high-power (150W) vs. standard (100W) microwave ablation (MWA) of lung lesions.
Methods or Background: We retrospectively evaluated 28 consecutive patients (age 43-84) treated with standard (100W, 16/28 patients) or high-power (150W, 12/28 patients) MWA at our Institution from January 2021 to July 2023.
All histologic specimens were centrally revised at our institution, with 18/28 lesions being classified as primary lung malignancies and 10/28 as metastases (seven from colorectal adenocarcinoma, one from laryngeal cancer and two from hepatocellular carcinoma).
Six patients received MWA after failure of first-line treatments, including surgery and radiotherapy.
Tumour response was evaluated three months after treatment with computed tomography (CT).
Results or Findings: Mean lesions’ size was 19 mm (range 7-40 mm) with an average ablation time of 3’42’’ (range 1’30’’-6’30’’).
Technical success was defined as the adequate positioning of the treatment antenna under Cone Beam CT (CBCT) guidance and was achieved in all patients.
Complete ablation of the target lesion was confirmed in all patients at follow-up CT evaluation.
Peri-procedural complications (i.e., pneumothorax flap) were reported in five patients, all belonging to the 100W arm, and were all resolved by day 6 post-treatment. Four patients, equally distributed into the two arms, demonstrated modest pleural effusion at follow-up imaging.
Conclusion: 150W MWA demonstrated overlapping safety and efficacy when compared to 100W MWA, but its shorter ablation time can allow for sparing more healthy tissue.
Our results, if confirmed on larger cohorts and in prospective trials, might further support the role of high-power 150W MWA for the treatment of lung lesions.
Limitations: The main limitation of our study is represented by the small size of the treatment cohort and by its retrospective nature.
Funding for this study: No funding was received for this study.
Has your study been approved by an ethics committee? Not applicable
Ethics committee - additional information: The study is retrospective.

Author Block: N. Papalexis, G. Peta, M. Carta, S. Quarchioni, E. Costantino, L. Campanacci, M. Miceli, G. Facchini; Bologna/IT
Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of electrochemotherapy (ECT) using bleomycin for the treatment of bone metastases, with a focus on evaluating radiological responses, pain reduction, and improvements in the patients' quality of life.
Methods or Background: Between 2009 and 2022, we enrolled 106 cancer patients (mean age of 61 years) who had bone metastases. Among these patients, 64 had lesions in the upper limbs, 18 in the lower limbs, 29 in the pelvis, and 10 in the thorax and vertebrae. The treatment involved ECT, which utilises electric pulses to enhance the local delivery of bleomycin into the tumour cells. A bolus injection of bleomycin (15 mg/m2) was administered intravenously, followed by the application of 8 electric pulses at 1000V/cm between each pair of electrodes (performed eight minutes after the drug injection) using the Cliniporator VITAE (Igea S.p.A., Carpi, Italy) and specialised electrodes. The procedures were conducted with the guidance of CT or fluoroscopy.
Results or Findings: Of the patients, 94 received a single course of ECT, 11 underwent two courses, three received three, and two had four courses. All eligible patients reported a reduction in pain ranging from 30% to 100%, with an average pain relief of 57% following local ECT treatment. Furthermore, 74% of assessable patients experienced a pain reduction of over 50% after undergoing ECT treatment. No general complications related to the treatment were observed, although two cases of skin necrosis were documented as local complications.
Conclusion: Our data strongly support the feasibility and safety of employing ECT in patients with bone metastatic lesions. Patients exhibited positive radiological responses and reported enhancements in their daily activities and overall health.
Limitations: Retrospective study, lack of control group.
Funding for this study: No funding was received for this study.
Has your study been approved by an ethics committee? Yes
Ethics committee - additional information: This study was approved by the ethics committee and data protection authority by the Institutional Review Board for retrospective studies.

Author Block: I. Bayram, R. Brill, E. Elolf, M. Guntau, M. Damm, W. A. A. Wohlgemuth, S. Schob, C. D. Loberg; Halle a.d. Saale/DE
Purpose: Malignant primary tumours or metastases in superficial localisation often present with a variety of local complications, for example pain, ulceration, necrosis with infections and bleeding. The management of a malignant wound is always complex and at some point may become futile. Bleomycin Electroporation (BEST) is a proven treatment approach for skin melanoma and superficial vascular malformations. Based on the efficacy in context of the aforementioned, we evaluated if local tumour complications, most importantly haemorrhage, can be controlled by BEST.
Methods or Background: 5 patients (3 female, 2 male) with locally aggressive tumours were treated with BEST. Tumour entities included breast cancer, giant cell sarcoma, pleomorphic dermal sarcoma and a vertebral metastasis of a thoracic vertebral body from gastric cancer. All tumours showed significant bleeding accompanied by ulcerations, superinfection and necrosis. BEST was performed by systemic application of 25mg Bleomycin i.v. together with current applied via hexagonal electrodes, needle length 1.5 – 2.5cm in 14 – 58 applications.
Results or Findings: Bleeding was immediately stopped in all cases. Pre- and postinterventional thermography revealed significant downcooling after the procedure caused by the vascular lock effect.
Conclusion: Bleomycin electroporation is safe and effective in treatment of local tumour complications.
Limitations: No limitations were identified.
Funding for this study: No funding was provided for this study.
Has your study been approved by an ethics committee? Not applicable
Ethics committee - additional information: The study received institutional review board approval and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Author Block: G. Xhepa, A. Silvani, S. Cappio, G. Raia, A. Leoncini, F. Pedersoli, A. Saportio, S. Rizzo, F. Del Grande; Lugano/CH
Purpose: Evone® is a flow-controlled ventilation (FCV) device that actively removes air from the lungs using a small-bore cuffed tube (Tritube). This constant flow ventilation enables protective patient ventilation with minimal diaphragm movement and smooth motion of abdominal organs.
The objective of the study is to evaluate feasibility and safety of Evone® FCV in percutaneous interventional radiology procedures.
Methods or Background: Patients who underwent percutaneous procedures between 01/01/2022 and 30/04/2023. Exclusion criteria were age below 18 as well as contraindications for percutaneous procedures. MDMT consensus and written consent was obtained before the procedure. The primary endpoints were safety, feasibility, and technical success, defined as the biopsy/ablation of the target lesion. Secondary endpoints were procedure time, patient dose and hospitalisation. Adverse Events (AEs) were classified according to the validated 2023 SIR Classification.
Results or Findings: During the period under review 40 percutaneous procedures were performed in 20 patients (13 males) under general anaesthesia with Evone® system in 22 treatment sessions. Median age was 66.2 years (range 47–83 years). Of the lesions found, 14 were in the kidney (9 left, 5 right), 7 were hepatic and 3 pulmonary. The median number of procedures per patient was 2 and there were 1.7 procedures per lesion (24 lesions). The procedures performed comprised 20 biopsies, 16 Microwave Ablations (MWA), 2 Radiofrequency Ablations (RFA) and 2 Cryoablations. The technical success rate was 100%. The median time expended per session was 83 minutes. The median DLP per session was 2294.1 mGy/cm. The AEs rate per procedure was 15%. The rate of mild AEs was 7.5% (1 local pain, 2 PNX not treated). The rate of moderate AEs was 7.5% (2 urinary tract infection, 1 acute urinary retention, both successfully treated). Three patients had day hospital procedures. The median duration of hospitalisation per session was 64.4 hours, with 1 patient being hospitalised for 360 hours.
Conclusion: The Evone® FCV system improves conditions in IR procedures while providing safe ventilation.
Limitations: The small number of patients as well as the heterogeneity of treated lesions and image guiding procedures were identified as limitations.
Funding for this study: No funding was received for this study.
Has your study been approved by an ethics committee? Not applicable
Ethics committee - additional information: Informed consent froms were signed by all patients.